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They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser. Open Advanced Search. DeepDyve requires Javascript to function. Please enable Javascript on your browser to continue. Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and Bird, Helen; Franklin, Sue; Howard, David Age of acquisition and imageability ratings were collected for 2, words, including verbs and function words.
Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words Bird, Helen ; Franklin, Sue ; Howard, David. Read Article. Download PDF. Share Full Text for Free. Web of Science. Let us know here. System error. Please try again! How was the reading experience on this article? The text was blurry Page doesn't load Other:. Details Include any more information that will help us locate the issue and fix it faster for you.
Thank you for submitting a report! Submitting a report will send us an email through our customer support system. Submit report Close. Recommended Articles Loading References Components of the mental lexicon. Naming the Snod-grass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency and name agreement. Verb retrieval in action naming and spontaneous speech in agrammatic and anomic aphasia. Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary. Bates, E.
Verb retrieval in aphasia: 1. Though the underlying mechanism for this connection remains unclear, neuroimaging research has shown that hallucinations are associated with sensory modality-specific increases in cortical activity, which may compete with exogenous sensory input for neural processing please see Weiss and Heckers for review.
The decreased cortical responsiveness to external input may impair adequate feature binding, a key component of source-based recollection Schacter, Norman et al. In the present study the overall level of psychopathology was low, with patients exhibiting predominantly negative symptoms. Thus the intact source memory performance of these patients may therefore relate to their relatively low degree of positive symptoms. The lack of source memory deficits may also be explained in part by the nature of the encoding task, which required subjects to focus explicitly on the source information to be remembered gender of the speaker.
There is some evidence from the memory and aging literature that suggests that this type of focus may alleviate source memory deficits in patients with frontal lobe impairment see for example, Glisky, Rubin et al. Further research using specific experimental manipulation of this task would be required to determine whether this factor plays a beneficial role in patients with schizophrenia as well. In addition, the verbal nature of the stimuli may have also minimized between-group differences, as the effect sizes associated with verbal materials have been shown to be significantly smaller than those associated with figural materials in previous recognition memory studies conducted in schizophrenia Aleman, Hijman et al.
The integration of response accuracy and reaction time patterns, an approach with a rich history within the cognitive psychology literature see for example Murdock and Dufty ; Sternberg ; Ratcliff and Murdock , provides us with an additional perspective on the overall response strategy employed by each group. In the present study, control subjects appear to approach the task in a manner highly consistent with classic dual-process models Atkinson and Juola Items that do meet some familiarity threshold are then passed on to a source decision, where presumably some type of scan of stored experiences is commenced.
Source hits quickly find their match, whereas responses to both source misses and false alarms are made only after some delay, presumably due to an extended search process. The response pattern is strikingly different in the patients with schizophrenia.
The initial responses associated with unfamiliar items correct rejections and misses are significantly delayed when compared to the control group, with between group differences in median reaction times of msec and msec respectively.
This explanation of the data fits well with a number of recent theories regarding the role of novelty in the impaired cognitive processing seen in schizophrenia Arnold ; Lisman and Otmakhova ; Kapur, Mizrahi et al. It is important to note that these findings were not simply a result of an overall slowing in processing speed within the patient group. The reaction times associated with source decisions source hits and source misses were nearly identical to and not statistically different than those seen in the control cohort.
In addition, the reaction time associated with false alarms was actually faster than that seen in the controls. This latter result is particularly interesting, as it highly consistent with a body of evidence demonstrating enhanced confidence in errant responses and reduced confidence in correct responses in patients with schizophrenia Moritz, Woodward et al.
There are two key limitations of the study that deserve mention. First, all of the patients in this study were on psychotropic medication. As the second-generation neuroleptics appear to have a small, and positive, effect on long-term verbal memory Thornton, Van Snellenberg et al.
We cannot rule out the possibility that antipsychotic medication normalized the source memory performance in the patient cohort, though as previously demonstrated by Keefe and colleagues Keefe, Poe et al. Second, the sample size for this study, conducted as part of a neuroimaging experiment, was relatively small. We cannot therefore rule out the possibility of type-II error as an explanation for the lack of between-group differences in source memory accuracy or reaction time.
We believe this is unlikely for two reasons. First, we did find between-group differences in familiarity-based memory performance. As the effect sizes in the schizophrenia literature for abnormalities in this type of memory tend to be smaller than those associated with recollection-based memory tasks Aleman, Hijman et al. Second, given the number of events entered into the group-level RT analyses, they have exquisite power to detect small differences, and consequently a very low likelihood of type II error.
These limitations notwithstanding, our results provide further evidence for a specific deficit in familiarity-based memory processing, at least within a subset of patients with schizophrenia. The authors would like to thank Ms. Tali Ditman and Mr. Michael Zussman for assistance with the paradigm development, and Ms. Lindsay Jubelt and Ms.
Kaila Norman for assistance with data acquisition. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form.
Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Anthony P. Donald C. Joshua L. Daniel L. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Schizophr Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC Feb 1. Weiss , MD, Donald C. Roffman , MD, and Daniel L. Schacter , PhD. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Anthony P. Weiss, M. Copyright notice.
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Schizophr Res. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract Background There is substantial current interest in the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, particularly those in the realm of memory.
Methods Eighteen medicated outpatients with schizophrenia and eighteen healthy adult control subjects performed an external source memory task. Results Patients with schizophrenia showed an impaired ability to distinguish old from new items, but intact performance in correctly identifying the source of items recognized as old. Conclusions Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated impaired familiarity-based and intact source-based memory performance. Keywords: schizophrenia, memory, source memory, episodic memory, novelty detection, response time.
Introduction Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting approximately 24 million people worldwide. Methods and Materials 2. Table 1 Demographic and disease-related characteristics. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Table 2 Memory accuracy measures in schizophrenia and comparison subjects.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Discussion There are two main findings from this study. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ms. Footnotes Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Contributor Information Anthony P. References Aleman A, Hijman R, et al. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.
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